Staged Off-Gas vs Thermal — Side-by-Side Bench Trial
Two detection layers, the same event catalogue, head-to-head over four weeks. The fusion of both beat either one alone — but the gap was not where we expected.
We knew the bench-rig answer in advance: off-gas catches Stage 2, thermal catches Stage 3, fusion catches both. What we did not know was the size of the gap on the events we actually care about — staged cell-level vents under near-deck-realistic conditions, not sealed-chamber idealised tests.
Event mix
- Slow thermal injection (no electrolyte vent).
- Nail penetration with vent.
- Overcharge with vent.
- External heat with no electrical fault.
Lead-time comparison (median, four-week run)
The non-vent event was where the gap mattered most. Off-gas alone misses it entirely. Thermal alone catches it within its normal latency. Fusion gives the best of both without losing the non-vent class.
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Staged H₂ Detection — Bench Trial Against Cell-Level Off-Gas
A six-week bench trial pairing the per-vehicle thermal grid with an electrochemical H₂ sensor mesh. Goal: characterise the fusion gain across staged cell-abuse profiles.
The Four Stages of Li-Ion Thermal Runaway — and What Each Implies for Detection
Stage 1 is invisible. Stage 4 is unrecoverable. Detection technology that wants to matter operates between Stages 1 and 2 — not between Stages 3 and 4.